Criteria for hypersonic airbreathing propulsion and its experimental verification

Hypersonic airbreathing propulsion is one of the top techniques for future aerospace flight, but there are still no practical engines after seventy years' development. Two critical issues are identified to be the barriers for the ramjet-based engine that has been taken as the most potential concept of the hypersonic propulsion for decades. One issue is the upstream-traveling shock wave that develops from spontaneous waves resulting from continuous heat releases in combustors and can induce unsteady combustion that may lead to engine surging during scramjet engine operation. The other is the scramjet combustion mode that cannot satisfy thrust needs of hypersonic vehicles since its thermos-efficiency decreases as the flight Mach number increases. The two criteria are proposed for the ramjet-based hypersonic propulsion to identify combustion modes and avoid thermal choking. A standing oblique detonation ramjet (Sodramjet) engine concept is proposed based on the criteria by replacing diffusive combustion with an oblique detonation that is a unique pressure-gain phenomenon in nature. The Sodramjet engine model is developed with several flow control techniques, and tested successfully with the hypersonic flight-duplicated shock tunnel. The experimental data show that the Sodramjet engine model works steadily, and an oblique detonation can be made stationary in the engine combustor and is controllable. This research demonstrates the Sodramjet engine is a promising concept and can be operated stably with high thermal efficiency at hypersonic flow conditions.     

阵列宽带Lamb波在结构损伤检测中的应用

阵列信号处理中的空间谱估计可以对信号源进行辨别和定位,于是通过采集在结构上布置的阵列传感器Lamb波信号用来检测损伤发生的位置。通常,大多数空间谱估计方法均以窄带信号为假定,在很多基于Lamb波的结构损伤检测中,为了减小频散特性的影响,大多数研究以Lamb波为窄带信号进行分析,但无限窄的激励信号是物理不可实现的。因此,其在多数情况下Lamb波信号并不符合窄带信号假定,更应被认为是一种宽带信号来进行处理。进而利用空间谱估计中宽带信号非相干子空间处理方法（Incoherent Signal Subspace Method,ISM）中阵列接收的宽带Lamb波信号进行处理,检测出结构发生单一损伤时的损伤位置。随后,当结构损伤与边界反射波有叠加时会引起损伤信号相干,采用宽带信号相干子空间方法（Coherent Signal Subspace Method,CSM）对损伤位置进行检测,得到了较好的结果。     

无阀式脉冲爆震火箭发动机运行稳定性实验

以无阀模式运行时,脉冲爆震火箭发动机可达到更高的运行频率,但容易出现连续燃烧、点火不成功以及运行频率与点火频率不一致等运行不稳定问题。为探索供给条件对运行稳定性的影响,采用乙烯为燃料、富氧空气为氧化剂,开展了实验研究,分析了氧化剂中氧气体积分数对运行稳定性的影响。结果表明,采用氧气体积分数分别为40%和66%的氧化剂时,当量比范围分别为1.2~1.7和0.8~2.3时才能产生稳定的爆震波;采用氧气体积分数66%的氧化剂时,可获得稳定爆震波的当量比范围较宽;稳定产生爆震波时,爆震管封闭端附近的压力振荡会向供给通道的上游传播,造成通道内介质的流动振荡,振荡频率与运行频率呈倍数关系;爆震波不稳定产生条件下,供给通道内的流动振荡表现为无规律的低频振荡,该振荡加剧了无阀无隔离模式运行的不稳定,故有必要在供给通道内加装压力反传抑制装置。     

A Lamb wave quantification model for inclined cracks with experimental validation

This paper investigates the influence of crack orientation on damage quantification using Lamb wave in plate structures. Finite element simulation is performed to acquire Lamb wave signal responses for different configurations of crack orientations and crack lengths. Two Lamb wave features, namely the normalized amplitude and the phase change, are used as damage sensitive features to develop a crack size quantification model. A hypothesis based on the geometrical influence on signal features is proposed, and the crack size quantification model incorporating the orientation angle is established using the hypothesis. An index of Probability of Reliable Quantification (PRQ) is proposed to evaluate the performance of the model. The index can be used to determine the sizing risk in terms of probabilities. A realistic aluminum plate is used to obtain the experimental data using piezoelectric (PZT) wafer-type sensors around a center through crack. The experimental data are used to validate the overall method. Results indicate that the proposed model can yield reliable results for size quantification of inclined cracks.     

Application of stress wave theory for pyroshock isolation at spacecraft-rocket interface

A large number of pyroshock devices are employed in spacecraft and rockets to realize stage separation and appendage deployment. Release of pyroshock devices induces high-level transient shock responses which tend to cause fatal damages in electronic equipment made of crystals and brittle materials. This paper aims to provide methods to isolate pyroshock and guarantee the safety of such equipment against high-frequency shocks. Firstly, stress wave transmission mechanism in stepped rods is investigated, upon which optimal area rate for shock isolation is achieved. Then, two spacecraft-rocket interface structures for pyroshock isolation, namely isolation hole and interim segment, are proposed. Both numerical simulations and experiments are carried out to validate the two shock isolation strategies. It is revealed that the interim segment structure shows better pyroshock isolation performance at the cost of increasing the weight of launching system whereas isolation hole is an optimal choice to reduce pyroshock response without causing weight increase.     

微喷气对压气机稳定性影响的实验

在低速双级轴流压气机上开展了一系列不同喷射系统布局、射流参数的实验研究,并探讨了微喷气扩大压气机稳定裕度的原因.结果表明:当布局在压气机进口的喷嘴周向均布且不小于4个的时候,压气机稳定裕度增量主要受到每个喷嘴的出口动量的影响;微喷气扩稳的机理是从频率和压力幅值两个方面抑制模态波的发展,越接近喷气流,模态波被抑制的程度越大,一旦喷气流无法抑制模态波的发展时,压气机就会进入失速状态.      

一种用于RM不稳定性研究的竖直环形激波管的设计与验证

设计并加工了一套竖直环形同轴无膜激波管,可用于环形汇聚激波诱导下的Richtmyer-Meshkov 不稳定性实验研究。与前人工作相比,本文在流体界面的形成以及流场的观测方法上做了较大的改进。通过实验和数值方法,对该竖直激波管产生的环形柱状汇聚激波的参数进行测量和分析,验证了同轴激波管形成柱状汇聚激波方法的可行性和可靠性。在界面形成方面,采用细丝约束肥皂膜技术形成正八边形气体界面,并利用数值方法考察了细丝对界面发展的影响。结果表明在界面发展的前期,细丝的影响几乎可以忽略。利用连续激光片光结合高速摄影相机对流场进行观测,获得了正八边形air/SF6气体界面在环形汇聚激波及其反射激波冲击下的演化过程,并与数值结果进行了对比,获得了较好的一致性,进一步验证了汇聚激波的对称性以及细丝约束肥皂膜技术用于形成多边形气体界面的可靠性。     

Sensing the Earth’s low ionosphere during solar flares using VLF signals and goes solar X-ray data

An analysis of D-region electron density height profile variations, induced by four isolated solar X-ray flares during period from September 2005 to December 2006, based on the amplitude and the phase delay perturbation of 22.1 kHz signal trace from Skelton (54.72 N, 2.88 W) to Belgrade (44.85 N, 20.38 E), coded GQD, was carried out. Solar flare data were taken from NOAA GOES12 satellite one-minute listings. For VLF data acquisition and recordings at the Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, the AbsPAL system was used. Starting from LWPCv21 code (Ferguson, 1998), the variations of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide characteristic parameters, sharpness and reflection height, were estimated during the flare conditions. It was found that solar flare events affected the VLF wave propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide by changing the lower ionosphere electron density height profile, in a different way, for different solar flare events.     

富氧燃气发生器动态特性分析

建立了描述富氧燃气发生器动态特性的线性化频域模型,以分析推进剂流量扰动对发生器室压的动态作用.通过与文献中试验数据对比,验证了模型和计算方法的合理性.在低频范围内采用考虑熵波的绝热流动模型,比较煤油和液氧流量扰动引起发生器压力振荡的频率响应,结果显示煤油流量扰动更易引起较大的熵波幅值.分析了燃烧温度与混合比关系的无量纲斜率、涡轮压比系数和燃烧时滞对发生器频率特性的影响规律.在很宽的频率范围内分析发生器的动态特性,需采用考虑声学效应的分布参数模型,既能在低频范围内涵盖绝热流动模型,又能反映气路的纵向声学振荡.      

四端口通流波转子的波系分析

针对用于燃气轮机的四端口通流波转子,首先将通道内部复杂的压力波系简化,建立解析的数学模型,并依据国外的实验结果验证其正确性,最终用该解析模型分析波转子的边界条件、波系结构、性能以及压气机、涡轮、燃烧室的相关参数之间的关系.结果表明:提高波转子的高压空气出口反压可以有效提高波转子压比,这是波转子内部波系整体性增强的结果;合理地设计压气机与涡轮可以优化波转子的性能;波转子与燃烧室的匹配会制约燃烧室的设计,而提高燃烧室的总压恢复系数则有利于波转子压缩效率的提高.